APJIHL Admin

Freedom of Religion and Belief Under Fire: Protection Theory and Practice in Jeopardy?

by Fadi Hachem, LLM Abstract: This article examines how freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) is protected during armed conflict through the interaction of international humanitarian law (IHL), international human rights law (IHRL), and international criminal law (ICL). It argues...

Preliminary Pages

Quo Vadis International Humanitarian Law in AI-Enabled Conflicts: A Southeast Asia Regional Perspective

by Bagus Jatmiko and Indonesian Naval Command and Staff College Abstract: AI-enabled autonomous weapons promise operational precision but introduce systemic risks — algorithmic bias, black-box opacity, reduced human control, and value misalignment (including sycophantic tendencies) — that undermine jus in...

AI in Defence: Implications for Southeast Asia Militaries

by Erick Nielson C. Javier Abstract: As the employment of military AI makes headlines in conflicts in Europe and the Middle East, Southeast Asian militaries too are showing increasing interest in the technology. This paper investigates the possible rationales and...

Digital Forensics As A Verification Method For AI-Powered Autonomous Weapons Systems

by Dexter “Drexx” Laggui Abstract: States can declare restraint in using AI-enabled military systems, but at present they can neither prove this nor verify each other’s claims. This article argues that the accountability and compliance gaps in autonomous weapons systems are,...

Transcending the Dilemma of Applying IHL to LAWS in Agency Spillover Engagements: A Legal Analytical Perspective on Human-Machine Hybrid Agency

by Fan Yang Abstract: The militarization of Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems inevitably triggers “agency spillover engagements”, situations where algorithmic agency deviates from human presets. This has led to systemic applicability ruptures across International Humanitarian Law, state responsibility, and International Criminal Law....

The Concept of Lethality in the Autonomous Weapon Systems Debate and Its Implications

by Mei Ching Liu Abstract: This article explores the concept of lethality in the autonomous weapon systems (AWS) debate by examining the arguments for and against the inclusion of this concept within the definition of these systems. The arguments both...

De Jure Necessity vs. De Facto Improbability? Establishing a New Treaty for Artificial Intelligence in the Military Domain

by Zhixiong Huang and Haokun Yu Abstract: The military application of artificial intelligence challenges existing international law, which remains applicable but structurally insufficient to resolve emergent moral dilemmas, accountability gaps, and compliance deficits. Consequently, establishing a new treaty is a...

Human Dignity and Machine Agency: Reconciling International Humanitarian Law with the Ontology of Artificial Decision-Making

by Sergey Sayapin Abstract: As artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly mediates battlefield decision-making, international humanitarian law (IHL) faces a structural challenge – preserving its human-centred foundations in an algorithmic operational environment. This article introduces dignitary design as a jurisprudential framework for embedding...

Between Review, Transfer and Principle: The Limits of Article 36, the Arms Trade Treaty and the Martens Clause in AI Warfare

by Dr. Anviksha Pachori Abstract: The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into weapon systems exposes serious accountability gaps in existing international legal frameworks. Article 36 of Additional Protocol I requires states to review new weapons for compliance with international humanitarian...